Alkane sind gesättigte Kettenkohlenwasserstoffe. Unter Kohlenwasserstoffen versteht man Verbindungen, deren Moleküle nur aus C- und H-Atomen bestehen. Alkane enthalten nur Einfachbindungen. Entzieht man einem Alkan ein Wasserstoffatom, dann entsteht eine Alkylgruppe (Alkylrest oder Alkylradikal).
Die allgemeine Summenformel der Alkane lautet: CnH2n+2
Name | Summenformel | Strukturformel | vereinfachte Strukturformel | Schmelz-
temp. (°C) |
Siede-
temp. (°C) |
Alkylrest |
Methan
Alkan C1 |
CH4 | H
| H-C-H | H |
CH4 | methyl | ||
Ethan
Alkan C2 |
C2H6 | H H
| | H-C-C-H | | H H |
CH3-CH3 | -171,4 | -95 | ethyl |
Propan
Alkan C3 |
C3H8 | H H H
| | | H-C-C-C-H | | | H H H |
CH3-CH2-CH3 | -190 | -45 | propyl |
Butan
Alkan C4 |
C4H10 | H H H H
| | | | H-C-C-C-C-H | | | | H H H H |
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 | -135 | -0,5 | butyl |
Pentan
Alkan C5 |
C5H12 | H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | | H H H H H |
CH3-(CH2)3-CH3 | -130,8 | 36 | pentyl
(amyl) |
Hexan
Alkan C6 |
C6H14 | H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H |
CH3-(CH2)4-CH3 | -93,5 | 68,7 | hexyl |
Heptan
Alkan C7 |
C7H16 |
H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H |
CH3-(CH2)5-CH3 | -90 | 98,4 | heptyl |
Octan
Alkan C8 |
C8H18 |
H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H |
CH3-(CH2)6-CH3 | -57 | 126 | octyl |
Nonan
Alkan C9 |
C9H20 | CH3-(CH2)7-CH3 | -53,9 | 150,6 | nonyl | |
Decan
Alkan C10 |
C10H22 | CH3-(CH2)8-CH3 | -32 | 173 | decyl | |
Undecan
Alkan C11 |
C11H24 | CH3-(CH2)9-CH3 | -26,5 | 196,5 | undecyl | |
Dodecan
Alkan C12 |
C12H26 | CH3-(CH2)10-CH3 | -12 | 216,3 | dodecyl
(lauryl) |
|
... | ||||||
Pentadecan
Alkan C15 |
C15H32 | CH3-(CH2)13-CH3 | 10 | 270,5 | pentadecyl | |
Hexadecan
(Cetan) Alkan C16 |
C16H34 | CH3-(CH2)14-CH3 | 18 | 287 | hexadecyl
(cetyl) |
|
Heptadecan
Alkan C17 |
C17H36 | CH3-(CH2)15-CH3 | 22,5 | 303 | heptadecyl | |
Octadecan
Alkan C18 |
C18H38 | CH3-(CH2)16-CH3 | 28 | 317 | octadecyl | |
... | ||||||
Eicosan
Alkan C20 |
C20H42 | CH3-(CH2)18-CH3 | 38 | eicosyl | ||
Henicosan
(Heneicosan) Alkan C21 |
C21H44 | CH3-(CH2)19-CH3 | henicosyl
(heneicosyl) |
|||
Docosan
Alkan C22 |
C22H46 | CH3-(CH2)20-CH3 | 47 | docosyl | ||
... | ||||||
Triacontan
Alkan C30 |
C30H62 | CH3-(CH2)28-CH3 | 66 | triacontyl | ||
... | ||||||
Tetracontan
Alkan C40 |
C40H82 | CH3-(CH2)38-CH3 | 80 | tetracontyl |